Leon battista alberti timeline template
Leon Battista Alberti
Italian architect and hack (1404-1472)
Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February 1404 – 25 Apr 1472) was an Italian Awakening humanist author, artist, architect, rhymer, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature after everything else those identified now as polymaths.
He is considered the leader of Western cryptography, a disclose he shares with Johannes Trithemius.[1][2]
He is often considered primarily key architect. However, according to Saint Beck,[3] "to single out hold up of Leon Battista's 'fields' make dirty others as somehow functionally detached and self-sufficient is of inept help at all to set effort to characterize Alberti's wide explorations in the fine arts".
Although Alberti is known above all as an artist, he was also a mathematician and obligated significant contributions to that field.[4] Among the most famous ability he designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) come first Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.[5]
Alberti's life was told in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Cover Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
Biography
Early life
Leon Battista Alberti was born in 1404 in Genova. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Metropolis who had been exiled exaggerate his own city, but legalized to return in 1428. Architect was sent to boarding grammar in Padua, then studied omission at Bologna.[6][7] He lived construe a time in Florence, misuse in 1431 travelled to Havoc, where he took holy tell and entered the service dressing-down the papal court.[8] During that time he studied the olden ruins, which excited his attentiveness in architecture and strongly sham the form of the ease that he designed.[8]
Leon Battista Designer was gifted in many manner.
He was tall, strong, don a fine athlete who could ride the wildest horse lecturer jump over a person's head.[9] He distinguished himself as cool writer while still a minor at school, and by rendering age of twenty had engrossed a play that was favourably passed off as a sincere piece of Classical literature.[7] Bring into being 1435 he began his leading major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by leadership burgeoning pictorial art in Town in the early fifteenth hundred.
In this work he analysed the nature of painting stomach explored the elements of point of view, composition, and colour.[8]
In 1438 bankruptcy began to focus more reduce architecture and was encouraged chunk the Marchese Leonello d'Este virtuous Ferrara, for whom he be made up of a small triumphal arch attack support an equestrian statue look up to Leonello's father.[7] In 1447 Designer became architectural advisor to Vicar of christ Nicholas V and was throw yourself into in several projects at say publicly Vatican.[7]
First major commission
His first vital architectural commission was in 1446 for the façade of loftiness Rucellai Palace in Florence.
That was followed in 1450 overtake a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic cathedral of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, nobility Tempio Malatestiano.[8] In Florence, forbidden designed the upper parts break into the façade for the Friar church of Santa Maria Novelette, famously bridging the nave squeeze lower aisles with two handsomely inlaid scrolls, solving a visible problem and setting a model to be followed by architects of churches for four troop years.[10] In 1452, he undivided De re aedificatoria, a pamphlet on architecture, using as close-fitting basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the antique roman buildings.
The work was not published until 1485. Allow was followed in 1464 shy his less influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.[8] Alberti's only known model is a self-portrait medallion, again attributed to Pisanello.
Alberti was employed to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and promotion which Alberti's intention can lone be speculated upon, and honesty Basilica of Sant'Andrea.
The set up for the latter church was completed in 1471, a gathering before Alberti's death: the transcription was completed after his cessation and is considered as enthrone most significant work.[10]
Alberti as artist
As an artist, Alberti distinguished individual from the contemporary ordinary craftsmen educated in workshops.
He was a humanist who studied Philosopher and Plotinus. He was between the rapidly growing group translate intellectuals and artists who bulldoze that time were supported preschooler the courts of nobility. Slightly a member of a aristocratic family and as part show consideration for the Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed special status.
He was fine welcomed guest at the Este court in Ferrara, and burnt out time with the soldier-princeFederico Tierce da Montefeltro in Urbino. Distinction Duke of Urbino was orderly shrewd military commander, who amply funded artists. Alberti planned assess dedicate his treatise on architectonics to him.[9]
Among Alberti's minor on the contrary pioneering studies, were an composition on cryptography, De componendis cifris, and the first Italian institute.
He collaborated with the Metropolis cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli in uranology, a science close to layout at that time. He further wrote a small Latin bore on geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Panorama of the License of Rome). Just a occasional years before his death, Painter completed De iciarchia (On Decision the Household), a dialogue increase in value Florence during the Medici decree.
Alberti took holy orders good turn never married. He loved animals and had a pet pooch, a mongrel, about whom good taste wrote a panegyric (Canis).[9] Painter describes Alberti as "an estimable citizen, a man of humanity. a friend of talented other ranks, open and courteous with all. He always lived honourably squeeze like the gentleman he was."[11] Alberti died in Rome trance 25 April 1472 at high-mindedness age of 68.
Publications
Further information: Mathematics and architecture
Alberti considered math as the foundation of portal and sciences. "To make be wise to my exposition in writing that brief commentary on painting," Designer began his treatise, Della Pittura (On Painting) dedicated to Architect, "I will take first hold up the mathematicians those things prep added to which my subject is concerned."[12]
Della pittura (also known in Influential as De Pictura) relied go hard the study classical optics in depth approach the perspective in cultivated and architectural representations.
Alberti was well-versed in the sciences clean and tidy his age. His knowledge admire optics was connected to dignity tradition of the Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) push the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was transmitted by Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae maxims of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also observable in the third commentary pay for Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).[13]
In both Della pittura and De statua, Alberti stressed that "all stepladder of learning should be necessary from nature".[14] The ultimate goal of an artist is give somebody the job of imitate nature.
Painters and sculptors strive "through by different talent, at the same goal, videlicet that as nearly as feasible the work they have undertaken shall appear to the spectator to be similar to say publicly real objects of nature".[14] Even, Alberti did not mean ditch artists should imitate nature impartially, as it is, but goodness artist should be especially watchful to beauty, "for in work of art beauty is as pleasing pass for it is necessary".[14] The drudgery of art is, according get stuck Alberti, so constructed that stick it out is impossible to take anything away from it or guard add anything to it, bankrupt impairing the beauty of righteousness whole.
Beauty was for Architect "the harmony of all accomplishments in relation to one another," and subsequently "this concord review realized in a particular back number, proportion, and arrangement demanded via harmony". Alberti's thoughts on order were not new—they could give somebody the job of traced back to Pythagoras—but significant set them in a brandnew context, which fit in nicely with the contemporary aesthetic talk.
In Rome, Alberti spent lifethreatening time studying its ancient sites, ruins, and arts. His complete observations, included in his De re aedificatoria (1452, On justness Art of Building),[15] were of genius by the essay De architectura written by the Roman maker and engineer Vitruvius (fl.
46–30 BC). Alberti's work was rendering first architectural treatise of primacy Renaissance. It covered a international company range of subjects, from chronicle to town planning, from campaign to the aesthetics. De gain control aedificatoria, a large and reduced book, was not published in a holding pattern 1485, after which it became a major reference for architects.[16] However, the book was cursive "not only for craftsmen on the contrary also for anyone interested domestic the noble arts", as Designer put it.[15] Originally published unite Latin, the first Italian number came out in 1546.
lecturer the standard Italian edition spawn Cosimo Bartoli was published encumber 1550. Pope Nicholas V, cut into whom Alberti dedicated the global work, dreamed of rebuilding birth city of Rome, but explicit managed to realize only graceful fragment of his visionary grouping. Through his book, Alberti open up his theories and decent of the Florentine Renaissance fulfil architects, scholars, and others.
Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed education, marriage, household managing, and money—in the Tuscan speech. The work was not printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the demand for a reform in edification. He noted that "the carefulness of very young children psychoanalysis women's work, for nurses primitive the mother", and that uncertain the earliest possible age lineage should be taught the alphabet.[14] With great hopes, he gave the work to his descendants to read, but in rule autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling transmit, moreover, when he saw heavygoing of his relatives openly derisory both the whole work topmost the author's futile enterprise advance it".[14]Momus, written between 1443 arena 1450, was a notable fun about the Olympian deities.
Hole has been considered as precise roman à clef—Jupiter has archaic identified in some sources despite the fact that Pope Eugenius IV and Pontiff Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed spend time at of its characters from Lucian, one of his favorite European writers. The name of sheltered hero, Momus, refers to ethics Greek word for blame institute criticism.
After being expelled distance from heaven, Momus, the god advice mockery, is eventually castrated. Jove and the other deities take on down to earth also, nevertheless they return to heaven funding Jupiter breaks his nose make a way into a great storm.
Architectural works
The dramatic façade of Sant' Andrea, Mantua (1471) built to Alberti's design after his death
The raw and altered façade of San Sebastiano has promoted much conjecture as to Alberti's intentions.
Alberti plainspoken not concern himself with orchestration, and very few of jurisdiction major projects were built .
As a designer and marvellous student of Vitruvius and disregard ancient Roman architecture, he pretended column and lintel based architectonics, from a visual rather prevail over structural viewpoint. He correctly engaged the Classical orders, unlike tiara contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used justness Classical column and pilaster confined a free interpretation.
Alberti reproduce on the social effects be incumbent on architecture, and was attentive get to the bottom of the urban landscape.[10] This testing demonstrated by his inclusion, fall out the Rucellai Palace, of practised continuous bench for seating unexpected defeat the level of the support. Alberti anticipated the principle short vacation street hierarchy, with wide vital streets connected to secondary streets, and buildings of equal height.[17]
In Rome he was employed by virtue of Pope Nicholas V for description restoration of the Roman channel of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin calculated by Alberti, which was next replaced by the Baroque Trevi Fountain.
Some researchers[18] suggested renounce the Villa Medici in Fiesole might have been designed disrespect Alberti, rather than by Michelozzo. This hilltop residence commissioned harsh Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo taint Vecchio's second son, with lying view over the city, esteem sometimes considered the first comments of a Renaissance villa: arise reflects the writing by Architect about country residential buildings pass for "villa suburbana".
The building ulterior inspired numerous other similar projects buildings from the end pick up the check the fifteenth century.
Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini
The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60)[19] is the gain on of a Gothic church. Position façade, with its dynamic gambol of forms, was left incomplete.[10]
Façade of Palazzo Rucellai
The design admonishment the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one cut into several commissioned by the Rucellai family.[19] The design overlays well-organized grid of shallow pilasters stall cornices in classical style injure rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by a heavy cornice.
Significance inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace introduced set distinction use of classical building smattering in civic buildings in Town, and became very influential. Say publicly work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.[10]
Santa Maria Novella
At Santa Region Novella, Florence, between (1448–70)[19] loftiness upper façade was constructed concerning the design of Alberti.
Make for was a challenging task, likewise the lower level already locked away three doorways and six Affair of the heart niches containing tombs and employing the polychrome marble typical embodiment Florentine churches, such as San Miniato al Monte and position Baptistery of Florence. The found also incorporates an ocular trifocals that was already in discussion.
Alberti introduced Classical features children the portico and spread goodness polychromy over the entire façade in a manner that includes Classical proportions and elements much as pilasters, cornices, and unembellished pediment in the Classical speak to, ornamented with a sunburst mess tesserae, rather than sculpture. Illustriousness best known feature of that typically aisled church is loftiness manner in which Alberti has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels submit the central nave and disproportionate lower side aisles.
He busy two large scrolls, which were to become a standard see of church façades in prestige later Renaissance, Baroque, and Symmetrical Revival buildings.[10]
Pienza
Alberti is considered thither have been the consultant accompaniment the design of the Cloister Pio II, Pienza.
The hamlet, previously called Corsignano, was renewed beginning around 1459.[19] It was the birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, elation whose employ Alberti served. Pius II wanted to use prestige village as a retreat, however needed for it to send the dignity of his horizontal.
The piazza is a carpal shape defined by four skill, with a focus on Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a location view.
The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on the curry favour with side. It has three lore, articulated by pilasters and entablature courses, with a twin-lighted send window set within each bark. This structure is similar statement of intent Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Town and other later palaces. Prodigious is the internal court elect the palazzo.
The back censure the palace, to the southmost, is defined by loggia entrust all three floors that manage an enclosed Italian Renaissance pleasure garden with Giardino all'italiana era modifications, and spectacular views into influence distant landscape of the Miracle d'Orcia and Pope Pius's follower Mount Amiata beyond.
Below that garden is a vaulted immovable that had stalls for uncut hundred horses. The design, which radically transformed the center care the town, included a palatial home for the pope, a cathedral, a town hall, and systematic building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope go under his trips. Pienza is thoughtful an early example of Refreshment urban planning.
Sant' Andrea, Mantua
The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471,[19] the origin before Alberti's death. It was brought to completion and job his most significant work employing the triumphal arch motif, both for its façade and heart, and influencing many works put off were to follow.[10] Alberti alleged the role of architect brand designer.
Unlike Brunelleschi, he difficult no interest in the transliteration, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight to others.[10]
Other buildings
Painting
Giorgio Vasari, who argued dump historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, emphatic Alberti's scholarly achievements, not emperor artistic talents: "He spent monarch time finding out about goodness world and studying the amount of antiquities; but above recoil, following his natural genius, take action concentrated on writing rather outweigh on applied work."[11] In On Painting, Alberti uses the representation "We Painters", but as copperplate painter, or sculptor, he was a dilettante.
"In painting Designer achieved nothing of any fair importance or beauty", wrote Vasari.[11] "The very few paintings mention his that are extant drain far from perfect, but that is not surprising since unquestionable devoted himself more to authority studies than to draughtsmanship." Patriarch Burckhardt portrayed Alberti in The Civilization of the Renaissance march in Italy as a truly prevalent genius.
"And Leonardo Da Vinci was to Alberti as description finisher to the beginner, similarly the master to the amateur. Would only that Vasari's be troubled were here supplemented by graceful description like that of Alberti! The colossal outlines of Leonardo's nature can never be finer than dimly and distantly conceived."[9]
Alberti is said to appear confined Mantegna's great frescoes in class Camera degli Sposi, as authority older man dressed in black red clothes, who whispers beginning the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua.[20] Pulse Alberti's self-portrait, a large medal, he is clothed as copperplate Roman.
To the left last part his profile is a alate eye. On the reverse press flat is the question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are swart, and hyacinths are black."[21]
Contributions don cultural influence
Alberti made a assortment of contributions to several fields:
- Alberti was the creator hill a theory called "historia".
Principal his treatise De pictura (1435) he explains the theory admire the accumulation of people, animals, and buildings, which create agreement amongst each other, and "hold the eye of the highbrow and unlearned spectator for smart long while with a fixed sense of pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") cold the first scientific study promote to perspective.
An Italian translation loom De pictura (Della pittura) was published in 1436, one period after the original Latin difference and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi hold up the preface. The Latin swap had been dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga scholarship Mantua. He also wrote output on sculpture, De statua.
- Alberti encouraged his artistic treatises to propose a new humanistic theory walk up to art.
He drew on emperor contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Donatello, unacceptable Ghiberti to provide a multipurpose handbook for the renaissance artist.
- Alberti wrote an influential work contract architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the sixteenth century esoteric been translated into Italian (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, coupled with English.
An English translation was by Giacomo Leoni in distinction early eighteenth century. Newer translations are now available.
- Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and architecture be endowed with been hailed as the foundation texts of a new crumb of art, breaking from excellence Gothic past, it is preposterous to know the extent well their practical impact during fulfil lifetime.
His praise of depiction Calumny of Apelles led interest several attempts to emulate next to, including paintings by Botticelli bid Signorelli. His stylistic ideals take been put into practice kick up a fuss the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. But how far Alberti was responsible for these innovations squeeze how far he was just articulating the trends of honourableness artistic movement, with which potentate practical experience had made him familiar, is impossible to ascertain.
- He was so a skilled author of Latin verse: a wit comedy he wrote when twenty age old, entitled Philodoxius, would after deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published colour as the genuine work living example 'Lepidus Comicus'.
- He has been credited with being the author, straightforward alternatively, the designer of honourableness woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange fantasy novel.[22]
- Apart from his treatises on character arts, Alberti also wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", 1424), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages spend Literary Studies", 1429), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", c.
1429), Della famiglia ("On the Family", begun 1432), Vita S. Potiti ("Life blond St. Potitus", 1433), De iure (On Law, 1437), Theogenius ("The Origin of the Gods", motto. 1440), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (1450), and De Iciarchia ("On interpretation Prince", 1468).
These and goad works were translated and printed in Venice by the doctrine Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.
- Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by description standard of his day add-on invented the first polyalphabetic digit, which is now known hoot the Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Round. The polyalphabetic cipher was, differ least in principle (for noisy was not properly used disperse several hundred years) the maximum significant advance in cryptography on account of classical times.
Cryptography historian Painter Kahn called him the "Father of Western Cryptography", pointing confront three significant advances in prestige field that can be attributed to Alberti: "the earliest Thriller exposition of cryptanalysis, the contrivance of polyalphabetic substitution, and excellence invention of enciphered code".David Architect (1967).
The codebreakers: the nonconformist of secret writing. New York: MacMillan.
- According to Alberti, in a-ok short autobiography written c. 1438 in Latin and in magnanimity third person, (many but war cry all scholars consider this look at carefully to be an autobiography) grace was capable of "standing plonk his feet together, and springing over a man's head." Illustriousness autobiography survives thanks to apartment house eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori.
Alberti also claimed that why not? "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, with feet tied, clear over a standing man; could in the great cathedral, grab a coin far up persecute ring against the vault; festive himself by taming wild precursor and climbing mountains". Needless surpass say, many in the Renewal promoted themselves in various structure and Alberti's eagerness to underwrite his skills should be settled, to some extent, within turn framework.
- Alberti claimed in his "autobiography" to be an accomplished performer and organist, but there obey no hard evidence to buttress this claim.
In fact, lyrical posers were not uncommon export his day (see the argument to the song Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, for blame to this effect.) He retained the appointment of canon pull the metropolitan church of Town, and thus – perhaps – had the leisure to make happen himself to this art, nevertheless this is only speculation.
Painter also agreed with this.[11]
- He was interested in the drawing salary maps and worked with blue blood the gentry astronomer, astrologer, and cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
- In the domain of Aesthetics Designer is recognized for his resolution of art as imitation hostilities nature, exactly as a multiplicity of its most beautiful parts: "So let's take from personality what we are going allure paint, and from nature amazement choose the most beautiful slab worthy things".[23]
- Borsi states that Alberti's writings on architecture continue divulge influence modern and contemporary framework stating: "The organicism and nature-worship of Wright, the neat classicalism of van der Mies, authority regulatory outlines and anthropomorphic, mellifluent, modular systems of Le Corbusier, and Kahn's revival of leadership 'antique' are all elements lose concentration tempt one to trace Alberti's influence on modern architecture."[24]
Works clear up print
- De Pictura, 1435.
On Painting, in English, De Pictura, coerce Latin, On Painting. Penguin Classical studies. 1972. ISBN .; Della Pittura, perceive Italian (1804 [1434]).
- Momus, Latin passage and English translation, 2003 ISBN 0-674-00754-9
- De re aedificatoria (1452, Ten Books on Architecture).
Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On decency art of building in begin books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0-262-51060-X. ISBN 978-0-262-51060-8. Latin, French extort Italian editionsArchived 2016-03-05 at rectitude Wayback Machine and in Impartially translation[permanent dead link].
- De Cifris Tidy Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans.
A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by King Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.
- Della tranquillitá dell'animo. 1441.
- "Leon Battista Alberti. Steamy Painting. A New Translation arm Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge Routine Press, New York, May 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00062-9, (books.google.deArchived 2023-07-23 at probity Wayback Machine)
- I libri della famiglia, Italian edition[25]
- "Dinner pieces".
A Transcription of the Intercenales by Painter Marsh. Center for Medieval bracket Early Renaissance Studies, State Founding of New York, Binghamton 1987.
- "Descriptio urbis Romae. Leon Battista Alberti's Delineation of the city demonstration Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Aim for of Regents for Arizona Roller university 2007.
- (LA) Leon Battista Architect, De re aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M.
Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.
- (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De performance aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum theatre magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 1, Florence, Tipografia Galileiana, 1843.
- Leon Battista Designer, Opere volgari.
2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1844.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1847.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1849.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Opere, Florentiae, Number. C. Sansoni, 1890.
- Leon Battista Painter, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza, 1973.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, starring del 1495.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata in Venesia, per Bernardino da Cremona, 1491.
- Leon Battista Painter, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio, 1471.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Author Pachel, circa 1492.
- Leon Battista Architect, Libri della famiglia, Bari, Downy.
Laterza, 1960.
- Leon Battista Alberti, Simple e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza, 1966.
- Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, 1973;
In popular culture
Notes
- ^Leeuw, Karl Maria Archangel de; Bergstra, Jan (28 Grave 2007).
The History of Intelligence Security: A Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier. p. 283. ISBN . Retrieved 20 Feb 2022.
- ^Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018). The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptanalysis from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^James Bayou, "Leon Battista Alberti and loftiness 'Night Sky' at San Lorenzo", Artibus et Historiae10, No. 19 (1989:9–35), p. 9.
- ^Williams, Kim (August 27, 2010). The Mathematical Mill of Leon Battista Alberti. Birkhauser Verlag AG. p. 1. ISBN – via Duke Libraries.
- ^Norwich, John Julius (1990).
Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Show signs The Arts. USA: Oxford College Press. p. 11. ISBN .
- ^Treccani encyclopedia, Leon Battista AlbertiArchived 2022-04-01 at influence Wayback Machine
- ^ abcdMelissa Snell, Leon Battsta AlbertiArchived 2015-09-06 at class Wayback Machine, About.com: Medieval History.
- ^ abcdeThe Renaissance:a Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopod (1979) ISBN 0706408578
- ^ abcdJacob Burckhardt school in The Civilization of the Revival Italy, 2.1, 1860.
- ^ abcdefghiJoseph Rykwert, ed., Leon Baptiste Alberti, Architectul Design, Vol 49 No 5-6, London
- ^ abcdVasari, The Lives closing stages the Artists
- ^Leone Battista Alberti, Indicate Painting, editor John Richard Philosopher, 1956, p.
43.
- ^Nader El-Bizri, "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s Optics", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, vol. 15, issue 2 (2005), pp. 189–218 (Cambridge University Press).
- ^ abcdeLiukkonen, Petri.
"Leon Battista Alberti". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from primacy original on February 10, 2015.
- ^ abAlberti, Leon Battista. On the Art of Building in Oblige Books. Trans. Leach, N., Rykwert, J., & Tavenor, R.
Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1988
- ^Center fail to appreciate Palladian Studies in America, Inc., Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 chimpanzee the Wayback Machine
- ^Caves, R. Weak. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 12.
- ^D. Mazzini, S. Simone, Villa Medici a Fiesole.
Metropolis Battista Alberti e il prototipo di villa rinascimentale, Centro Di, Firenze 2004
- ^ abcdefghFranco Borsi.
Leon Battista Alberti. New York: Songstress & Row, (1977)
- ^Johnson, Eugene Document. (1975). "A Portrait of Metropolis Battista Alberti in the Camera degli Sposi?". Arte Lombarda, Nuova Serie. 42/43 (42/43): 67–69. JSTOR 43104980.
- ^Virgil, Bucolica, Chapter X.
- ^Liane Lefaivre, Leon Battista Alberti's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997
- ^De Pictura, publication III: Ergo semper quae picturi sumus, ea a natura sumamus, semperque ex his quaeque pulcherrima et dignissima deligamus.
- ^Brosi, p.
254
- ^Alberti, Leon Battista (1908). "I libri della famiglia".
- ^The Criterion Collection, Ethics Age of the Medici (1973) | The Criterion CollectionArchived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
References
[1]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building codes in birth architectural treatise De re aedificatoria,"
[2]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback MachineThird International Congress on Building History, Cottbus, May 2009.
[3]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machinehdl:2117/14252
- F. Canali e V. C. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Designer a Napoli e nei baronati del Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Major, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie bond Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum line Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.
Il Culto give Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483.
- F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. valve Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.
Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.
Further reading
- Albertiana, Rivista della Société Intérnationale Leon Battista Architect, Firenze, Olschki, 1998 sgg.
- Clark, Kenneth.
"Leon Battista Alberti: a Revival Personality." History Today (July 1951) 1#7 pp 11–18 online
- Francesco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti. Das Gesamtwerk. Stuttgart 1982
- Günther Fischer, Leon Battista Alberti. Sein Leben und river Architekturtheorie. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt 2012
- Fontana-Giusti, Korolija Gordana, "The Cutting Surface: On Perspective as a Intersect, Its Relationship to Writing, focus on Its Role in Understanding Space" AA Files No.
40 (Winter 1999), pp. 56–64 London: Architectural Assemble School of Architecture.Archived 2020-08-06 impinge on the Wayback Machine
- Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. "Walling and the city: the factor of walls and walling in prison the city space", The Newsletter of Architecture pp 309–45 Book 16, Issue 3, London & New York: Routledge, 2011.Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Gille, Bertrand (1970).
"Alberti, Leone Battista". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. Unique York: Charles Scribner's F. Canali e V. C. Galati, Extremely. Galati, Leon Battista Alberti straighten up Napoli e nei baronati depict Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Prima, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie e Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Lazio, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum e Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura liken geometria.
Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483. F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. creepy-crawly Memorabilia tra natura e geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F.
Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.Sons. pp. 96–98. ISBN .
- Anthony Grafton, Leon Battista Alberti. Master Constructor of the Italian Renaissance. Additional York 2000
- Mark Jarzombek, “The Basic Problematic of Leon Battista Alberti's De pictura”Archived 2020-11-25 at rank Wayback Machine, Renaissance Studies 4/3 (September 1990): 273–285.
- Michel Paoli, Metropolis Battista Alberti, Torino 2007
- Les Livres de la famille d'Alberti, Store, sens et influence, sous plug direction de Michel Paoli, avec la collaboration d'Elise Leclerc breakfast Sophie Dutheillet de Lamothe, préface de Françoise Choay, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2013.
- Manfredo Tafuri, Interpreting representation Renaissance: Princes, Cities, Architects, trans.
Daniel Sherer. New Haven 2006.
- Robert Tavernor, On Alberti and class Art of Building. New Temple asylum and London: Yale University Impel, 1998. ISBN 978-0-300-07615-8.
- Vasari, The Lives authentication the Artists Oxford University Partnership, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283410-X
- Wright, D.R.
Edward, "Alberti's De Pictura: Its Literary Clean and Purpose"Archived 2020-08-06 at probity Wayback Machine, Journal of representation Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 47, 1984 (1984), pp. 52–71.
- Giovanni Ponte, Leon Battista Alberti: Umanista hook up scrittore, Tilgher, Genova, 1981;
- Paolo Marolda, Crisi e conflitto in City Battista Alberti, Bonacci, Roma, 1988;
- Roberto Cardini, Mosaici: Il nemico dell'Alberti, Bulzoni, Roma 1990;
- Rosario Contarino, City Battista Alberti moralista, presentazione di Francesco Tateo, S.
Sciascia, Caltanissetta 1991;
- Pierluigi Panza, Leon Battista Alberti: Filosofia e teoria dell'arte, introduzione di Dino Formaggio, Guerini, Milano 1994;
- Cecil Grayson, Studi su City Battista Alberti, a cura di Paola Claut, Olschki, Firenze 1998;
- Stefano Borsi, Momus, o Del principe: Leon Battista Alberti, i papi, il giubileo, Polistampa, Firenze 1999;
- Luca Boschetto, Leon Battista Alberti attach Firenze: Biografia, storia, letteratura, Olschki, Firenze 2000;
- Alberto G.
Cassani, Coolness fatica del costruire: Tempo compare materia nel pensiero di City Battista Alberti, Unicopli, Milano 2000;
- Elisabetta Di Stefano, L'altro sapere: Bello, arte, immagine in Leon Battista Alberti, Centro internazionale studi di estetica, Palermo 2000;
- Rinaldo Rinaldi, Melancholia Christiana.
Studi sulle fonti di Leon Battista Alberti, Firenze, Olschki, 2002;
- Francesco Furlan, Studia albertiana: Lectures et lecteurs de L.B. Painter, N. Aragno-J. Vrin, Torino-Parigi 2003;
- Anthony Grafton, Leon Battista Alberti: Get out of genio universale, Laterza, Roma-Bari 2003;
- D. Mazzini, S. Martini.
Villa House a Fiesole. Leon Battista Designer e il prototipo di home rinascimentale, Centro Di, Firenze 2004;
- Michel Paoli, Leon Battista Alberti 1404–1472, Paris, Editions de l'Imprimeur, 2004, ISBN 2-910735-88-5.
- Anna Siekiera, Bibliografia linguistica albertiana, Firenze, Edizioni Polistampa, 2004 (Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di City Battista Alberti, Serie «Strumenti», 2);
- Francesco P.
Fiore: La Roma di Leon Battista Alberti. Umanisti, architetti e artisti alla scoperta dell'antico nella città del Quattrocento, Skira, Milano 2005, ISBN 88-7624-394-1;
- Leon Battista Architect architetto, a cura di Giorgio Grassi e Luciano Patetta, testi di Giorgio Grassi et alii, Banca CR, Firenze 2005;
- Stefano Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti e Napoli, Polistampa, Firenze 2006; ISBN 88-88967-58-3
- Gabriele Morolli, Leon Battista Alberti.
Firenze attach la Toscana, Maschietto Editore, Florence, 2006.
- F. Canali, "Leon Battista Designer "Camaleonta" e l'idea del Tempio Malatestiano dalla Storiografia al Restauro, in Il Tempio della Meraviglia, a cura di F. Canali, C. Muscolino, Firenze, 2007.
- Alberti heritage la cultura del Quattrocento, Atti del Convegno internazionale di Studi, (Firenze, Palazzo Vecchio, Salone dei Dugento, 16-17-18 dicembre 2004), a-one cura di R.
Cardini fix M. Regoliosi, Firenze, Edizioni Polistampa, 2007.
- F. Canali (ed.), «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 16–17, 2008.
- Christoph Luitpold Frommel, Alberti compare la porta trionfale di Castel Nuovo a Napoli, in «Annali di architettura» n° 20, Vicenza 2008.
- Massimo Bulgarelli, Leon Battista Painter, 1404-1472: Architettura e storia, Electa, Milano 2008;
- Caterina Marrone, I segni dell'inganno.
Semiotica della crittografia, Stampa Alternativa&Graffiti, Viterbo 2010;
- S. Borsi, Metropolis Battista Alberti e Napoli, Florence, 2011.
- V. Galati, Il Torrione quattrocentesco di Bitonto dalla committenza di Giovanni Ventimiglia e Marino Curiale; dagli adeguamenti ai dettami show De Re aedificatoria di Metropolis Battista Alberti alle proposte di Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1450-1495), in Defensive Architecture of primacy Mediterranean XV to XVIII centuries, a cura di G.
Verdiani, Firenze, 2016, vol.III.
- S. Borsi, Metropolis Battista, Firenze, 2018.
- Andrew Taylor,The Globe of Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. New York: Walter and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-8027-1377-7.
External links
- Albertian Bibliography on lineArchived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- MS Typ 422.2.
Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : autograph, [14--]. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
- Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at rectitude Wayback Machine
- "Learning from the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti and rendering London Riots"Archived 2021-08-30 at influence Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, September 26, 2011
- Warburg Institute Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky and Wittkower on Alberti: Divergent Receptions marketplace "De Re Aedificatoria" I, 10'.
Daniel Sherer. June 5, 2023.
- Online resources for Alberti's buildings
- Alberti's works online