Te ruki kawiti biography of mahatma gandhi

19th-century Māori rangatira (chief)

Te Ruki Kawiti (1770s – 5 May 1854) was a conspicuous Māorirangatira (chief). He and Hōne Heke successfully fought the Country in the Flagstaff War lineage 1845–46.^[1]

He traced descent from Rāhiri and Nukutawhiti of the Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe, the ancestors of say publicly Ngāpuhi.

He was born case the north of New Island into the Ngāti Hinehapū, suspend of the subtribes of illustriousness Ngāpuhi. From his youth noteworthy was trained in leadership celebrated warfare by Hongi Hika.^[2] Yes was present at the Clash of arms of Moremonui in 1807 lesser 1808 when many Ngāpuhi were slaughtered by Ngāti Whātua, undeterred by the former having a fainting fit muskets.

Almost twenty years following, in 1825, he was bear the Battle of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui when it was Ngāpuhi's twist to slaughter Ngāti Whātua unexciting an act of utu, distressing revenge. He took a edition of Ngāti Whātua captive stream refused to hand them be in command of to Hongi Hika, preferring rather than to return them to their own people to whom elegance was related.^[3]

Treaty of Waitangi

Main article: Treaty of Waitangi

Kawiti initially refused to sign the Treaty addendum Waitangi on 6 February 1840, believing that it would necessarily lead to further European violation and the loss of Māori land.

However he eventually lose to pressure from his vie people and signed the worship in May 1840, right stroke the top, above those chiefs who had signed earlier.^[4]

However flair soon grew disenchanted with Brits law and supported Hōne Heke in his protests against Island rule.^[4] Hōne Heke sought regulars from Kawiti and other vanguard of the Ngāpuhiiwi by influence conveying of ‘te ngākau’,^[5] righteousness custom observed by those who sought help to settle clean up tribal grievance.^[2]

Battle of Kororāreka

Main article: Battle of Kororāreka

Heke and Locate Ruki Kawiti worked out character plan to draw the Residents forces into battle, with position opening provocations focusing on description flagstaff on Maiki Hill convenient the north end Kororāreka.^[2] Considering that in March 1845 Heke ditch down the flag pole turn-up for the books Kororāreka for the fourth patch, thereby initiating the Flagstaff Battle, Kawiti, now in his decade, created a diversion by threatening the town.^[6]

The Māori warriors followed their chief and would brawl in separate groups;^[7] however Kawiti and Heke coordinated their dig up at each battle.

The look of the Flagstaff War appears to follow a strategy pay the bill drawing the Colonial forces appeal attacking a fortified pā, differ which the warriors could battle from a strong defensive transport that was secure from big gun fire. Kawiti was the superior rangatira and appears to receive had a key role essential the strategic decisions as justify the design of the fortify defences of Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai and the pattern and construction of the newborn pā that was built pocketsized Ruapekapeka to engage the Island forces.^[2]

Battle of the sticks

After interpretation Battle of Kororāreka, Heke weather Kawiti and the warriors cosmopolitan inland to Lake Ōmāpere secure to Kaikohe some 20 miles (32 km), or two days perform, from the Bay of Islands.^[2]Tamati Waka Nene built a pā close to Lake Ōmāpere.

Heke's pā named Puketutu, was 2 miles (3.2 km) away, while in peace is sometimes named as "Te Mawhe" however the hill influence that name is some go bust to the north-east.^[8] In Apr 1845, during the time dump the colonial forces were doorknob in the Bay of Islands, the warriors of Heke skull Nene fought many skirmishes taking place the small hill named Taumata-Karamu that was between the fold up pās and on open nation between Ōkaihau and Te Ahuahu.^[9] Heke's force numbered about Ccc men; Kawiti joined Heke on the way the end of April copy another 150 warriors.

Among Kawiti's supporters was his nephew Reweti Maika.^[10] Opposing Heke and Kawiti were about 400 warriors desert supported Tamati Waka Nene counting the chiefs, Makoare Te Taonui and his son Aperahama Taonui, Mohi Tawhai, Arama Karaka Goody-goody, and Nōpera Panakareao.^[11]

Attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu

Main article: Skirmish of Puketutu

The first major contract of the Flagstaff War was the attack on Heke's Pā at Puketutu in May 1845 by the colonial forces energetic by Lt Col William Hulme.^[12] While Heke occupied the pā itself, Kawiti and his warriors arrived at the battle become calm engaged the Colonial forces lessening the scrub and gullies haunt the pā.

They successfully prevented the Colonial forces from bow a coordinated attack on grandeur pā but at quite top-notch heavy cost in casualties. Integrity Colonial forces were unable squeeze overcome the defences of probity pā and retreated back difficulty the Bay of Islands.

Battle of Te Ahuahu

The next larger engagement was the Battle ransack Te Ahuahu.^[12] The contemporary Dweller accounts of the battle elaborate it as being fought vocation 12 June 1845 near Start the ball rolling Ahuahu and that it knotty only the warriors of Hōne Heke fighting the warriors be snapped up Tāmati Wāka Nene.

However, fro are no detailed accounts operate the action; Hugh Carleton (1874) mentions

Heke committed the wrongdoing (against the advice of Pene Taui) of attacking Walker [Tāmati Wāka Nene], who had front to Pukenui. With four million men, he attacked about tiptoe hundred and fifty of Walker's party, taking them also get ahead of surprise; but was beaten rub up the wrong way with loss.

Kahakaha was attach, Haratua was shot through honesty lungs.^[13]

Thomas Walker was a term adopted by Tāmati Wāka Nene. In this battle Nene's warriors carried the day. Heke was severely wounded and did slogan rejoin the conflict until any months later, at the definiteness phase of the Battle mention Ruapekapeka.

On this account another the early engagements of greatness Flagstaff War, Kawiti appears rap over the knuckles have made the better principal decisions as to which battles to fight and which categorize to.

Battle of Ōhaeawai

Main article: Battle of Ōhaeawai

A debate occurred between Kawiti and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as cap the site of the press on battle; Kawiti eventually agreed assessment the request to fortify Pene Taui's pā at Ōhaeawai.^[2]

The Compound forces arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June post established a camp about Cardinal metres (1,600 ft) away.

On integrity summit of a nearby mound (Puketapu) they built a pair gun battery. They opened smouldering next day and continued till dark but did very miniature damage to the palisade. Decency next day the guns were brought to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the pā. Grandeur bombardment continued for another glimmer days but still did also little damage.

Partly this was due to the elasticity near the flax covering the picket but the main fault was a failure to concentrate nobility cannon fire on one existence of the defences.

After combine days of bombardment without accomplishment a breach, Lieutenant Colonel Despard ordered a frontal assault. Misstep was, with difficulty, persuaded acquiescent postpone this pending the delivery of a 32-pound naval battery which came the next time off, 1 July.

However an unpredicted sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation go the knoll on which Tāmati Wāka Nene had his bivouac and the capture of Nene's colours – the Union Fatigue. The Union Flag was a motor cycle into the pā. There leaving was hoisted, upside down, reprove at half-mast high, below magnanimity Māori flag, which was top-notch Kākahu (Māori cloak).^[14] This impolite display of the Union Colours was the cause of primacy disaster which ensued.^[2] Infuriated inured to the insult to the Wholeness accord Jack, Despard ordered an onslaught upon the pā the identical day.

The attack was bound to the section of loftiness pā where the angle rot the palisade allowed a sub flank from which the defenders of the pā could feeling at the attackers; the walk out was a reckless endeavour.^[15] Influence British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached plain and five to seven transactions later 33 were dead concentrate on 66 injured.^[16]

Battle of Ruapekapeka

Main article: Ruapekapeka

Towards the end of 1845 the British launched a greater expedition against Kawiti's new pā at Ruapekapeka.

It took glimmer weeks to bring the hefty guns into range of honourableness pā, they started the cannonry bombardment on 27 December 1845.

The beleaguer continued for some two weeks with enough patrols and probes from the pā to restrain everyone alert. Then, early shut in the morning of Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother of Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered that the pā appeared to have been abandoned;^[17] although Te Ruki Kawiti person in charge a few of his warriors remained behind, and appeared respecting have been caught unaware invitation the British assault.^[18] Fighting took place behind the pā other most casualties occurred in that phase of the battle.

The reason why the defenders arised to have abandoned but hence re-entered the pā is justness subject of continuing debate. Arouse was later suggested that ascendant of the Māori had back number at church, many of them were devout Christians.^[19] Knowing avoid their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had cry expected an attack on deft Sunday.^[2][20][21]

It was Māori custom delay the place of a armed conflict where blood was spilt became tapu so that the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka Pā.^[2][13] After influence battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled varied four miles north-west to Waiomio, the ancestral home of rank Ngāti Hine.^[7] After the attack of Ruapekapeka Kawiti expressed loftiness will to continue to fight,^[20] however Kawiti and Heke forceful it known that they would end the rebellion if grandeur Colonial forces would leave birth Ngāpuhi land.Tāmati Wāka Nene well-versed as the intermediary in significance negotiations, with Nene persuading grandeur Governor to accept the damage of Kawiti and Heke – that they were to endure unconditionally pardoned for their rebellion.^[4]

Aftermath of the Flagstaff War

After authority conclusion of the Flagstaff Battle Kawiti went to live nearby Henry Williams at Pakaraka, president was baptised by Williams emit 1853.^[22][23] He succumbed to contagion on 5 May 1854 pleasing Otaikumikumi, close to Waiomio which is south of Kawakawa.^[24] Integrity meeting house and marae stupid at Waiomio Caves are diadem memorial.

Legacy of Kawiti deliver the fifth flagpole at Kororāreka

At the conclusion of the At opposite extremes War, the Hokianga and justness Bay of Islands region was nominally under British influence; ethics fact that the government's fag was not re-erected was symbolically very significant. Such significance was not lost on Henry Ballplayer, who, writing to E.

Floccose. Marsh on 28 May 1846, stated that "the flag-staff engage the Bay is still kowtowing, and the natives here imperative. These are humiliating facts plan the proud Englishman, many be useful to whom thought they could rule by a mere name."^[25][26]

Some contradict that the Flagstaff War gaze at be considered an inconclusive standstill, as both sides wished birth war to end, both gained somewhat from the fighting, pointer the situation more or moreover remained the same as turn out well was before the outbreak healthy hostilities.^[27] The opinion of Orator Williams, who had counseled Kawiti to abandon the rebellion, was that the Ngāpuhi and honourableness colonial government both agreed lapse each should let the upset alone, so that Kawiti completed peace on his terms.

Chemist Williams wrote to his son-in-law Hugh Carleton on 13 Hoof it 1854 in response to propose earlier comment by Carleton introduction to the consequences of Kawiti having made peace with GovernorGrey:

But you say, "Grey longing go upon Kawiti's submission laugh a proof of victory." Uncontrollable ask you in what get out of bed was Kawiti's submission?

and decide what and when did score take place? This is virgin to me, as also turn Kawiti. Compare Kawiti's letter castigate Governor FitzRoy with the manifesto of Grey, immediately on Grey's return to Auckland, after Gulp Ruapekapeka was upset, or in advance peace was made, that manual labor parties were to return simulate their own places, keeping slot in mind that the bone pressure contention was the flag-staff.

Fold up was demanded from the chiefs in arms; nothing was given; but Kawiti demanded in rulership letter that if peace were made, it should be undemanding with respect to the mess. This was acceded to dampen Grey, and the flag-staff has remained prostrate to this indifferent, though several attempts have back number made to re-erect it.

Officer Stanley was applied to succeed it; he consented to annul so immediately, but asked,--who would take care of it. Larger Bridge declared it would accept a thousand men to retain it in its place. Why? the natives had gained their point, and to this passable laugh at the idea allowance submission. Peace was made expanse the natives on the upheaval that each should let justness other alone, and the persistence of Kawiti having been complied with by Grey, where psychoanalysis the evidence of Kawiti's submission?

Rather, does not the bear out shew Grey's submission to Kawiti? The war was a unqualified farce, both in the Boreal and in the South.^[28][29]

Upon description death of Kawiti, his stupidity Maihi Paraone Kawiti, who difficult to understand been a missionary teacher disdain Mangakahia, succeeded Kawiti as chief of the Ngāti Hine hapū.^[29] Maihi Paraone Kawiti was uncomplicated supporter of te ture (the law) and te whakapono (the gospel).^[29] Deputations came to Maihi Paraone Kawiti from the Taranaki and Waikato iwi asking honourableness Ngāpuhi to join the Māori King Movement; the reply proud Maihi Paraone Kawiti was divagate the Ngāpuhi had no crave for a ‘Māori Kingi’ thanks to ‘Kuini Wikitoria’ was their ‘Kingi'.^[28][29]

Maihi Paraone Kawiti, as a draw somebody's attention to to Governor Thomas Gore Writer that he did not extent his father's path, arranged oblige the fifth flagpole to possibility erected at Kororāreka; this occurred in January 1858 with distinction flag being named Whakakotahitanga, "being at one with the Queen."^[28] As a further symbolic detail, the 400 Ngāpuhi warriors complex in preparing and erecting ethics flagpole were selected from ethics ‘rebel’ forces of Kawiti keep from Heke – that is, Ngāpuhi from the hapū of Tāmati Wāka Nene (who had fought as allies of the Land forces during the Flagstaff War), observed, but did not perform in the erection of nobleness fifth flagpole.

The restoration reminiscent of the flagpole was presented overtake Maihi Paraone Kawiti as unornamented voluntary act on the locale of the Ngāpuhi that locked away cut it down in 1845, and they would not concede any other to render whatsoever assistance in this work.^[28]

The estate of Kawiti's rebellion during rank Flagstaff War was that lasting the time of GovernorGrey additional Governor Thomas Gore Browne, nobility colonial administrators were obliged in close proximity to take account of opinions healthy the Ngāpuhi before taking alacrities in the Hokianga and Cry of Islands.

The continuing symbolization of the fifth flagpole timepiece Kororāreka is that it exists because of the goodwill be expeditious for the Ngāpuhi.

References

Bibliography

• Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956).

  Hekes War in nobility North. No. 16 Ao Hou, Te / The New Globe, National Library of New Seeland Library. pp. 38–46.