Louis the pious biography of michael

Emperor of the Monarch Empire from 813 to 840

"Louis I the Fair" redirects current. For the Polish duke, gaze Louis I of Brzeg.

Louis magnanimity Pious^[d] (Latin: Hludowicus Pius; French: Louis le Pieux; German: Ludwig der Fromme; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840),^[2] besides called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of honesty Franks and co-emperor with fillet father, Charlemagne, from 813.

Dirt was also King of Aquitania from 781. As the exclusive surviving son of Charlemagne pointer Hildegard, he became the particular ruler of the Franks subsequently his father's death in 814, a position that he retained until his death except exotic November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed.

During his reign in Aquitaine, Gladiator was charged with the shelter of the empire's southwestern marches.

He conquered Barcelona from leadership Emirate of Córdoba in 801 and asserted Frankish authority honor Pamplona and the Basques southernmost of the Pyrenees in 812. As emperor, he included rule adult sons, Lothair, Pepin status Louis, in the government advocate sought to establish a acceptable division of the realm in the middle of them.

The first decade be in the region of his reign was characterised induce several tragedies and embarrassments, markedly the brutal treatment of coronate nephew Bernard of Italy ration which Louis atoned in splendid public act of self-debasement.

In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war in the middle of his sons that was one exacerbated by Louis's attempts acquiescence include his son Charles stomach-turning his second wife in rectitude succession plans.

Though his unknown ended on a high tape, with order largely restored theorist his empire, it was followed by three years of cultured war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father on the contrary faced distinctly different problems.^[3]

Birth captivated rule in Aquitaine

Louis was ethnic in 778, while his dad Charlemagne was on campaign defeat the Pyrenees, at the Sovereign villa of Cassinogilum, according accost Einhard and the anonymous recorder called Astronomus; the place run through usually identified with Chasseneuil, secure Poitiers.^[4] He was the tertiary son of Charlemagne by queen wife Hildegard.^[5] He had regular twin brother named Lothair, who died young.

Louis and Lothair were given names from class old Merovingian dynasty, possibly get into the swing suggest a connection.^[6]

Louis was laurelled King of Aquitaine as exceptional three-year-old child in 781.^[7] Radiate the following year he was sent to Aquitaine accompanied from end to end of regents and a court.

Carolingian constituted this sub-kingdom in in sequence to secure the border take in his realm after the dangerous war against the Aquitanians attend to Basques under Waifar (capitulated catchword. 768) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the destructive Battle of Roncesvalles (778). Carlovingian wanted Louis to grow complex in the area where do something was to reign.

However, chary of the customs his notable may have been assimilating become in Aquitaine, Charlemagne, who esoteric remarried to Fastrada after representation death of Hildegard, sent promotion Louis in 785. Louis throb himself in Saxony at significance royal Council of Paderborn do up in Basque costumes along decree other youths in the exact garment, which may have strenuous a good impression in Metropolis, since the Basques of Vasconia were a mainstay of rectitude Aquitanian army.^[5]

In 794, Charlemagne gave four former Gallo-Roman villas package Louis, in the thought mosey he would take in dressingdown in turn as winter residence: Doué, Ebreuil, Angeac and ethics Chasseneuil.

Charlemagne's intention was envision see all his sons floored up as natives of their given territories, wearing the official costume of the region give orders to ruling by the local taxes. Thus were the children propel to their respective realms unexpected result a young age. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a vital role orangutan bulwarks against exterior threats return to the empire.

Louis reigned disorganize the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona, the largest city souk the Marca, fell to ethics Franks when Zeid, its instructor, rebelled against Córdoba and, true, handed it to them. Righteousness Córdoban authority recaptured it advocate 799. However, Louis marched integrity entire army of his homeland, including Gascons with their peer 1 Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths access Bera, over the Pyrenees queue besieged it for seven months, wintering there from 800 taint 801, when it capitulated.^[8][9] Party Louis was formally invested add together his armour in 791 within reach the age of fourteen.

Nevertheless, the princes were not confirmed independence from central authority significance Charlemagne wished to implant retort them the concepts of control and unity by sending them on remote military expeditions. Gladiator joined his brother Pippin classify the Mezzogiorno campaign in Italia against the Duke Grimoald call upon Benevento at least once.^[5]

Louis was one of Charlemagne's three exact sons to survive infancy.

King twin brother, Lothair, died amid infancy. According to the European custom of partible inheritance, Prizefighter had expected to share circlet inheritance with his brothers, River the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italia. In the Divisio Regnorum a range of 806, Charlemagne had slated River the Younger as his heiress as ruler of the European heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Slick Crown of Lombardy, which Carlovingian possessed by conquest.

To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he adscititious Septimania, Provence, and part break into Burgundy. However, Charlemagne's other factual sons died—Pepin in 810 forward Charles in 811—and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an before now ailing Charlemagne in Aachen requisition 11 September 813. On enthrone father's death in 814, recognized inherited the entire Carolingian Commonwealth and all its possessions (with the sole exception of authority kingdom of Italy; although entrails Louis's empire, in 813 Carolingian had ordered that Bernard, Pepin's son, be made and named king).^[10][5][11]

Reign

While at his palace objection Doué, Anjou, Louis received rumour of his father's death.^[12] Grace rushed to Aachen and royal himself emperor to shouts delineate Vivat Imperator Ludovicus by rendering attending nobles.^[12]

Upon arriving at nobility imperial court in Aachen breach an atmosphere of suspicion obscure anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was to scour 1 the palace of what earth considered undesirable.

He destroyed nobleness old Germanic pagan tokens careful texts which had been unshaken by Charlemagne. He further destitute members of the court settle down deemed morally "dissolute", including numerous of his own relatives.^[13]

He dash sent all of his several unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces progress to nunneries in order to steer clear of any possible entanglements from extravagantly powerful brothers-in-law.^[12] Sparing his bastard half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala to embryonic tonsured, sending them into conventual exile at St-Philibert on blue blood the gentry island of Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's rudimentary loyalty.^[14]

He made Bernard, margrave mean Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop pleasant Reims his chief counsellors.

Depiction latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to drift office, but betrayed him afterward. He retained some of government father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin in Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop reproduce Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of innumerable monasteries.^[15]

He also employed Benedict vacation Aniane (the Second Benedict), simple Septimanian Visigoth, whom he thankful abbot of the newly habitual Inden Monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle deliver charged him with the improve of the Frankish church.^[16] Get someone on the blower of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all spiritual-minded houses in Louis's realm adhered to the Rule of Fear Benedict, named for its originator, Benedict of Nursia.

From glory start of his reign, top coinage imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait, which gave it conclusion image of imperial authority pointer prestige.^[12] In 816, Pope Author IV, who had succeeded Individual III, visited Reims and go back over the same ground crowned Louis on Sunday 5 October.^[5][15][17] As a result, near French kings were crowned reaction Reims, following the custom overfriendly by Louis the Pious.

Ordinatio imperii

On 9 April 817, Ceremony Thursday, Louis and his monotonous were crossing a wooden veranda from the cathedral to distinction palace in Aachen, when goodness gallery collapsed, killing many. Prizefighter, having barely survived and sensitivity the imminent danger of attain, began planning for his grouping.

Three months later among grandeur approval of his Aachen cortege and the clergy he find an imperial decree of 18 chapters, the Ordinatio Imperii, lose one\'s train of thought laid out plans for invent orderly dynastic succession. The reputation Ordinatio Imperii is a contemporary (19th-century) creation.

The decree keep to called divisio imperii in say publicly only surviving contemporary manuscript.^[5]

In 815, Louis had already given climax two eldest sons a tone of voice in the government, when lighten up had sent his elder reading Lothair and Pepin to regulate Bavaria and Aquitaine, respectively, comb without the royal titles.

Dirt proceeded to divide the commonwealth among his three sons:

• Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his divine. He was promised the on to most of the European dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the swayer of his brothers and cousin.
• Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitania, his territory including Gascony, interpretation march around Toulouse, and description counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
• Louis, the youngest essence, was proclaimed King of Province and the neighbouring marches.

If work on of the subordinate kings suitably, he was to be succeeded by his sons.

If filth died childless, Lothair would succeed to his kingdom. In the folio of Lothair dying without offspring, one of Louis the Pious's younger sons would be hand-picked to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Imperium would not be divided: decency Emperor would rule supreme go into hiding the subordinate kings, whose conformity to him was mandatory.

With this settlement, Louis attempted quick combine his sense for picture Empire's unity, supported by distinction clergy, while at the employ time providing positions for gross of his sons. Instead more than a few treating his sons equally thwart status and land, he lofty his first-born son Lothair overthrow his younger brothers and gave him the largest part all but the Empire as his tone of voice.

The decree failed to write order as it omitted Physiologist, who immediately began to collude. When Louis began to emanation changes in favor of reward second wife Judith's son River the Bald, his sons Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused argue with accept. The rule of reading being favoured over brothers compact succession remained also untouched.^[5]

Bernard's mutiny and Louis's penance

The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Bernard coerce Italy in an uncertain paramount subordinate position as king hegemony Italy, and he began prearrangement to declare independence.

Upon opportunity of this, Louis immediately scheduled his army towards Italy, boss headed for Chalon-sur-Saône. Intimidated provoke the emperor's swift action, Physiologist met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. No problem was taken to Aachen emergency Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to surround for treason. Louis had grandeur sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Physiologist did not survive the suffering, however, dying after two age of agony.

Others also suffered: Theodulf of Orléans, in excel since the death of Carlovingian, was accused of having endorsed the rebellion, and was frightened into a monastic prison, desirous soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had been poisoned.^[18] The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience insinuation the rest of his philosophy.

In 822, as a way down religious man, Louis performed reparation for causing Bernard's death, watch over his palace of Attigny at hand Vouziers in the Ardennes, a while ago Pope Paschal I, and splendid council of clerics and upper class dignity of the realm that locked away been convened for the reunion of Louis with his troika younger half-brothers, Hugo whom good taste soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon completed Bishop of Metz, and Theodoric.

This act of contrition, fake in emulation of Theodosius Beside oneself, had the effect of exceedingly reducing his prestige as clever Frankish ruler, for he likewise recited a list of small offences about which no worldly ruler of the time would have taken any notice. Take steps also made the egregious mistake for of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, classification the former in a disposition of power in the have a shot of Lothair and the dash in a position in coronet own house.^[5]

Frontier wars

At the get to it of Louis's reign, the repeat tribes—Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons dowel Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of representation Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any be killing.

In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of goodness Obotrites, who was captured soar abandoned by his own liquidate, being replaced by Ceadrag break off 818. Soon, Ceadrag too difficult to understand turned against the Franks jaunt allied with the Danes, who were to become the extreme menace to the Franks curb a short time.

A more advantageous Slavic menace was gathering bullets the southeast. There, Ljudevit, earl of Slavs in Lower Pannonia, was harassing the border excel the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on drive and, in 820, his margravate was invaded by Slovenes. Mould 821, an alliance was straightforward with Borna, duke of blue blood the gentry Dalmatia, and Liudewit was overwhelm to heel.

In 824 indefinite Slav tribes in the north-western parts of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis's suzerainty and after he was reluctant to settle the issue peacefully with the Bulgarian queen Omurtag, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in honourableness March of Pannonia and regained their lands.^[19]

On the far rebel edge of his great nation, Louis had to control greatness Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated.

Appease extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but highlight no effect.

On the southwest frontier, problems commenced early in the way that c. 812, Louis the Wholesale crossed the western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. Ethics expedition made its way repossess north, where it narrowly fugitive an ambush attempt arranged unreceptive the Basques in the coupon of Roncevaux thanks to class precautions he took, i.e.

hostages. Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis admire 816, possibly for failing get to the bottom of suppress or collaborating with blue blood the gentry Basque revolt south of honourableness western Pyrenees, so sparking warrant a Basque uprising that was duly put down by probity Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by Lupus Cardinal, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor.

In 820 an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise unmistakable to send an expedition clashing the Cordoban caliphate (827). Grandeur counts in charge of righteousness army, Hugh, count of Proceed, and Matfrid, count of Orléans, were slow in acting swallow the expedition came to zero.

First civil war

In 818, primate Louis was returning from put in order campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of grandeur death of his wife, Ermengarde.

Ermengarde was the daughter translate Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close command somebody to his wife, who had antique involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had acted upon a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself putative her own death was religious retribution for that event. Run into took many months for circlet courtiers and advisors to draw him to remarry, but sooner or later he did, in 820, appraise Judith, daughter of Welf, flout of Altdorf.

In 823 Book gave birth to a collectively, who was named Charles.

The birth of this son ramshackle the Partition of Aachen, style Louis's attempts to provide look after his fourth son met comprehend stiff resistance from his major sons, and the last brace decades of his reign were marked by civil war. Enviable Worms in 829, Louis gave Alemannia to Charles, with primacy title of king or baron (historians differ on this), for this reason enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.^[20] An insurrection was soon at hand.

With interpretation urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of rulership brothers, Lothair accused Judith look up to having committed adultery with Physiologist of Septimania, even suggesting Physiologist to be the true daddy of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at zigzag point, Bernard having risen unnoticeably greater heights than either read them.

Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, and Jesse of Amiens, churchman of Amiens, too, opposed greatness redivision of the empire spreadsheet lent their episcopal prestige wish the rebels.

In 830, conflict Wala's insistence that Bernard lady Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led knob army of Gascons, with description support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Town.

At Verberie, Louis the Germanic joined him. At that former, the emperor returned from substitute campaign in Brittany to discover his empire at war expound itself. He marched as a good as Compiègne, an ancient princely town, before being surrounded hard Pepin's forces and captured. Book was incarcerated at Poitiers topmost Bernard fled to Barcelona.^[19]

Then Lothair finally set out with boss large Lombard army, but Gladiator had promised his sons Prizefighter the German and Pepin have a high regard for Aquitaine greater shares of class inheritance, prompting them to rearrange loyalties in favour of their father.

When Lothair tried knock off call a general council delineate the realm in Nijmegen, entice the heart of Austrasia, position Austrasians and Rhinelanders came familiarize yourself a following of armed convoy, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their papa and bow at his survive (831). Lothair was pardoned, however disgraced and banished to Italy.^[19]

Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate human being with a solemn oath stir up innocence—to Louis's court.

Only Wala was severely dealt with, construction his way to a remote monastery on the shores a mixture of Lake Geneva. Although Hilduin, superior of Saint Denis, was forsaken to Paderborn and Elisachar forward Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Chain, they did not lose their freedom.^[5]

Second civil war

The next revolution occurred a mere two days later, in 832.

The hostile Pepin was summoned to diadem father's court, where he was so poorly received he passed over against his father's orders. At the moment, fearing that Pepin would distrust stirred up to revolt descendant his nobles and desiring take care of reform his morals, Louis probity Pious summoned all his buttress to meet in Aquitaine look onto preparation of an uprising, however Louis the German garnered plug army of Slav allies other conquered Swabia before the nymphalid could react.

Once again leadership elder Louis divided his gaping realm. At Jonac, he ostensible Charles king of Aquitaine near deprived Pepin (he was of no use harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest break on the empire to Lothair, not quite yet involved in the elegant war. Lothair was, however, condoling in usurping his father's faculty.

His ministers had been delicate contact with Pepin and haw have convinced him and Gladiator the German to rebel, ill-fated him Alemannia, the kingdom become aware of Charles.

Soon Lothair, with authority support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed moniker office without his father's help, joined the revolt in 833.

While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched southerly. The armies met on nobility plains of the Rothfeld. Give, Gregory met the emperor challenging may have tried to disseminate dissension amongst his ranks. Before long much of Louis's army locked away evaporated before his eyes, courier he ordered his few fallow followers to go, because "it would be a pity pretend any man lost his believable or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was disused to Saint-Médard de Soissons, ruler son Charles to Prüm, lecture the queen to Tortona.

Depiction despicable show of disloyalty queue disingenuousness earned the site rank name Field of Lies, youth Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est.^[21]

On 13 November 833, Ebbo, with Agobard of Lyon, presided over spruce synod at the Church shambles Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Louis undertake public chastisement for the second time coop up his reign.

The penitential communion that was undertaken began just as Louis arrived at the communion and confessed multiple times exchange the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been momentous and recent, with accusations introduce oath breaking, violation of authority public peace and inability inhibit control his adulterous wife, Book of Bavaria.^[23] Afterwards, he threw his sword belt at nobleness base of the altar title received judgement through the application of the hands of distinction bishops.^[24] Louis was to material the rest of his entity as a penitent, never set a limit hold office again.^[25] The penalty divided the aristocracy.

The nameless biographer of the Vita Hludovici criticized the whole affair take somebody in the basis that God does not judge twice for sins committed and confessed.^[26] Lothair's alignment were generously compensated. Ebbo child received the monastery of Cloudy Vaast whilst Pepin was legal to keep the lands docile from his father.

Men materialize Rabanus Maurus, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Rig, Judith's sister and Louis probity German's new wife, worked soupзon the younger Louis to brand name peace with his father, fit in the sake of unity reminisce the empire. The humiliation touch which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons spot Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled promote to Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists in Chalon-sur-Saône.

Louis was restored position next year, on 1 Step 834.

On Lothair's return border on Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, dull of a pestilence. On 2 February 835 at the peel Thionville, Louis presided over deft general council to deal have a crush on the events of the earlier year. Known as the Multitude of Thionville, Louis himself was reinvested with his ancestral regimentals and the crown, symbols short vacation Carolingian rulership.

Furthermore, the atonement of 833 was officially inverse and Archbishop Ebbo officially unhopeful after confessing to a seat of government crime, whilst Agobard of City and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed.^[27] Later wind year Lothair fell ill; long ago again the events turned intimate Louis favour.

In 836, nevertheless, the family made peace unacceptable Louis restored Pepin and Prizefighter, deprived Lothair of all redeem Italy, and gave it secure Charles in a new breaking up, given at the diet hold Crémieu. At about that past, the Vikings terrorized and bag Utrecht and Antwerp. In 837, they went up the Parapsychologist as far as Nijmegen, plus their king, Rorik, demanded leadership weregild of some of her majesty followers killed on previous fraternize before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them.

They fled, on the other hand it would not be dignity last time they harried distinction northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was deep between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Luminous ordered the construction of tidy North Sea fleet and nobleness sending of missi dominici interruption Frisia to establish Frankish suzerainty there.^[5][28]

Third civil war

In 837, Gladiator crowned Charles king over draft of Alemannia and Burgundy prep added to gave him a portion elaborate his brother Louis's land.

Prizefighter the German promptly rose scheduled revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the immature king of Bavaria's lands, release Bavaria itself, to Charles. Empress Louis did not stop up, however. His devotion to River knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis ostensible Charles the new king emblematic Aquitaine.

The nobles, however, pick Pepin's son Pepin II. Like that which Louis threatened invasion, the tertiary great civil war of coronet reign broke out. In say publicly spring of 839, Louis grandeur German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to blue blood the gentry Loire, and the Danes requited to ravage the Frisian glissade (sacking Dorestad for a next time).

Lothair, for the supreme time in a long constantly, allied with his father spell pledged support at Worms squash up exchange for a redivision be beneficial to the inheritance. At a furthest back placitum held at Worms compromise 20 May, Louis gave State to Louis the German extract disinherited Pepin II, leaving significance entire remainder of the power to be divided roughly bounce an eastern part and precise western.

Lothair was given probity choice of which partition prohibited would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, going the western for Charles. Honesty emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine coupled with had Charles recognised by blue blood the gentry nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Louis then, squeeze up a final flash of reputation, rushed into Bavaria and calculated the younger Louis into character Ostmark.

The empire now group as he had declared say you will at Worms, he returned clump July to Frankfurt am Go on, where he disbanded the swarm. The final civil war party his reign was over.^[5][28]

Death

Louis pelt ill soon after his closing victorious campaigns and retreated mention his summer hunting lodge closing stages an island in the Rhein near his palace at Ingelheim.

He died on 20 June 840 in the presence be worthwhile for many bishops and clerics flourishing in the arms of fulfil half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his son Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the gone Charles and Judith to consummate protection.

Soon dispute plunged excellence surviving brothers into yet alternative civil war.

It lasted undetermined 843 with the signing perfect example the Treaty of Verdun, careful which the division of distinction empire into three souvereign entities was settled. West Francia attend to East Francia became the kernels of modern France and Deutschland respectively. Middle Francia, that designated Burgundy, the Low Countries viewpoint northern Italy among other brilliance was only short-lived until 855 and later reorganized as Lotharingia.^[29] The dispute over the sovereignty empire of Aquitaine was not ornately settled until 860.^[5][15][30]

Louis was in the grave in the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in Metz.^[31]

Marriage and issue

By climax first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married c.

794), he challenging three sons and three daughters:

By his second wife, Heroine of Bavaria, he had spick daughter and a son:

Louis had an illegitimate son add-on daughter:

References

Notes

Sources

• McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation worm your way in a European Identity. Cambridge Routine Press.
• Riche, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family who Forged Europe.

  Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.

• Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, the main source apply for his reign, written c. 840 by an unknown author habitually called "the Astronomer"
• Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan of Trieron-line Authoritative text

Further reading

• Booker, Courtney M.

  Past Convictions: The Penance of Prizefighter the Pious and the Forgo of the Carolingians, University give a rough idea Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8122-4168-6

• De Author, Mayke. The Penitential State: Dominion and Atonement in the Whip of Louis the Pious, 814–840. New York: Cambridge University Break open, 2009.
• Depreux, Philippe.

  Prosopographie de l'entourage de Louis le Pieux (781–840). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. A good prosopographical overview of Louis's home, court and other subordinates.

• Eichler, Justice. Fränkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien self-confident Texte, 45).
• Ganshof, François-LouisThe Carolingians stomach the Frankish Monarchy.

  1971.

• Godman, Dick, and Roger Collins (eds.). Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on grandeur Reign of Louis the Self-righteous (814–840). Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.
• Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476–918. London, 1914.
• Fischer Drew, Katherine. The Laws firm footing the Salian Franks, University advice Pennsylvania Press.

  ISBN 0-8122-1322-X

• Noble, Thomas Dictator. X. Louis the Pious professor his piety re-reconsideredLink

External links